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Under the Hood

Self-paced engineering lessons across five tracks. Each lesson includes technical diagrams, a quiz, and (where relevant) an interactive calculator.

Click a track below to expand its lesson list.

EV Battery & BMS Academy20 lessonsHigh-voltage battery systems and the Battery Management System (BMS), from cell chemistry to production development.
  1. BMS-01 — EV Battery Fundamentals and Why a BMS Is Non-Negotiable
    Level: LEVEL 1–2 · 25 min reading
  2. BMS-02 — BMS Architecture
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 20 min reading
  3. BMS-03 — Cell Voltage Measurement
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 18 min reading
  4. BMS-04 — Temperature Measurement
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 15 min reading
  5. BMS-05 — Current Measurement
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 18 min reading
  6. BMS-06 — High Voltage Contactors and the Pre-charge System
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 18 min reading
  7. BMS-07 — Battery Electrical Architecture
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 16 min reading
  8. BMS-08 — SOC Estimation
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 22 min reading
  9. BMS-09 — SOH Estimation
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 20 min reading
  10. BMS-10 — SOP Estimation
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 18 min reading
  11. BMS-11 — Cell Balancing
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 18 min reading
  12. BMS-12 — Battery Thermal Management
    Level: LEVEL 2 · 20 min reading
  13. BMS-13 — Fault Management
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 24 min reading
  14. BMS-14 — BMS State Machine
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 18 min reading
  15. BMS-15 — CAN / CAN FD / UDS / Diagnostics
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 18 min reading
  16. BMS-16 — BMS Software Architecture
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 18 min reading
  17. BMS-17 — Functional Safety (ISO 26262)
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 22 min reading
  18. BMS-18 — Cybersecurity
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 16 min reading
  19. BMS-19 — BMS Validation / SIL / HIL
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 22 min reading
  20. BMS-20 — Production BMS Development
    Level: LEVEL 3 · 20 min reading
Electric Vehicle Academy50 lessonsThe whole electric vehicle: architecture, motors, inverters, charging, thermal management, safety, and more.
  1. EV-01 — What Is an Electric Vehicle?
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  2. EV-02 — Electric Vehicle Architecture
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 28 min reading
  3. EV-03 — EV Components
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 34 min reading
  4. EV-04 — EV vs ICE
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 30 min reading
  5. EV-05 — Electric Motors
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 32 min reading
  6. EV-06 — Inverter / Power Electronics
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 32 min reading
  7. EV-07 — Electric Drive Control (FOC)
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  8. EV-08 — Regenerative Braking
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 28 min reading
  9. EV-09 — EV Transmission / Driveline
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  10. EV-10 — Battery
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 34 min reading
  11. EV-11 — Introduction to BMS
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 28 min reading
  12. EV-12 — HV Electrical System
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 28 min reading
  13. EV-13 — Charging
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  14. EV-14 — Thermal Management
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 28 min reading
  15. EV-15 — Vehicle Control Architecture
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  16. EV-16 — Software / Control Units
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 28 min reading
  17. EV-17 — 12V / 48V / HV
    Level: Intermediate · 26 min reading
  18. EV-18 — EV Thermal Comfort
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 26 min reading
  19. EV-19 — Vehicle Dynamics
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 28 min reading
  20. EV-20 — EV Efficiency
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 26 min reading
  21. EV-21 — Range
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 24 min reading
  22. EV-22 — Vehicle Platform Design
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  23. EV-23 — Architecture Design Methods
    Level: Advanced · 28 min reading
  24. EV-24 — Vehicle Configurations
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 24 min reading
  25. EV-25 — Commercial EVs
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 26 min reading
  26. EV-26 — Electric Buses
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  27. EV-27 — Electric Trucks
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  28. EV-28 — Scooters / E-bikes / Motorcycles
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 28 min reading
  29. EV-29 — Real Vehicle Examples
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 26 min reading
  30. EV-30 — EV Buying Guide
    Level: Beginner · 26 min reading
  31. EV-31 — Second-hand EV
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 28 min reading
  32. EV-32 — EV Maintenance
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 24 min reading
  33. EV-33 — Failures / Diagnostics
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 24 min reading
  34. EV-34 — Functional Safety
    Level: Advanced · 24 min reading
  35. EV-35 — Cybersecurity
    Level: Advanced · 24 min reading
  36. EV-36 — Homologation / Regulations
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 24 min reading
  37. EV-37 — Charging Standards
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 24 min reading
  38. EV-38 — EV Manufacturing
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 22 min reading
  39. EV-39 — Service / Repair
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  40. EV-40 — Economics / TCO
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 26 min reading
  41. EV-41 — Battery Degradation
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  42. EV-42 — Noise / NVH
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 24 min reading
  43. EV-43 — Aerodynamics
    Level: Intermediate · 24 min reading
  44. EV-44 — Tires / Wheels
    Level: Intermediate · 24 min reading
  45. EV-45 — Crash Safety
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  46. EV-46 — Thermal Runaway
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  47. EV-47 — Future Technologies
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  48. EV-48 — Vehicle-to-Grid
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  49. EV-49 — EV Data / Telematics
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 26 min reading
  50. EV-50 — Case Studies
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 28 min reading
Electric Motor Academy30 lessonsTraction motors in depth: electromagnetics, motor types (PMSM, induction, SRM, SynRM), field-oriented control, thermal/mechanical design, and real-vehicle case studies.
  1. MOTOR-01 — What Is an Electric Motor?
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  2. MOTOR-02 — Voltage, Current, Magnetic Field and Flux
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 30 min reading
  3. MOTOR-03 — Torque, Speed, Power and Efficiency
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 30 min reading
  4. MOTOR-04 — Back EMF, Inductance and Resistance
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  5. MOTOR-05 — Stator, Rotor and Windings
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  6. MOTOR-06 — Permanent Magnets and Demagnetization
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  7. MOTOR-07 — Shaft, Bearings, Housing and Cooling Jacket
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  8. MOTOR-08 — Position Sensors: Resolver and Encoder
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  9. MOTOR-09 — DC Motors
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 25 min reading
  10. MOTOR-10 — BLDC Motors
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 25 min reading
  11. MOTOR-11 — PMSM, SPMSM, and IPMSM
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  12. MOTOR-12 — Asynchronous (Induction) Motors
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  13. MOTOR-13 — Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  14. MOTOR-14 — Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRM & PM-a-SynRM)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  15. MOTOR-15 — Radial vs. Axial Flux Machines
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  16. MOTOR-16 — Clarke and Park Transforms
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  17. MOTOR-17 — Field-Oriented Control (FOC)
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  18. MOTOR-18 — Space Vector PWM (SVPWM)
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  19. MOTOR-19 — MTPA and Field Weakening
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  20. MOTOR-20 — Cascaded Torque, Speed, and Current Loops
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  21. MOTOR-21 — Observers and Sensorless Control
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  22. MOTOR-22 — Electromagnetic Design Principles
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  23. MOTOR-23 — Thermal Design and Magnet Temperature
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  24. MOTOR-24 — Mechanical Design, NVH and Rotor Limits
    Level: Advanced · 38 min reading
  25. MOTOR-25 — Efficiency and Torque-Speed Maps
    Level: Advanced · 36 min reading
  26. MOTOR-26 — Traction Operating Regions & Gear Ratio
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 35 min reading
  27. MOTOR-27 — Regenerative Braking and Power Limits
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 35 min reading
  28. MOTOR-28 — Comparative Analysis of Motor Types
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 35 min reading
  29. MOTOR-29 — Torque Mechanisms and Packaging Comparison
    Level: Advanced · 35 min reading
  30. MOTOR-30 — Failure Modes and Real-Vehicle Benchmarks
    Level: Advanced · 38 min reading
ICE Powertrain Academy50 lessonsInternal combustion engines in depth: thermodynamics, block & head design, fuel injection, turbocharging, valvetrain, cooling, aftertreatment, and ICE-vs-EV tradeoffs.
  1. ICE-01 — What Is an Engine?
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  2. ICE-02 — The Four-Stroke Engine
    Level: Beginner · 25 min reading
  3. ICE-03 — The Otto and Diesel Cycles
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  4. ICE-04 — Engine Geometry
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 25 min reading
  5. ICE-05 — Displacement
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 20 min reading
  6. ICE-06 — Compression Ratio
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  7. ICE-07 — Torque & Power
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 25 min reading
  8. ICE-08 — Volumetric Efficiency
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  9. ICE-09 — Combustion
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  10. ICE-10 — The Gasoline (Petrol) Engine
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  11. ICE-11 — The Diesel Engine
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  12. ICE-12 — Fuel Injection
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  13. ICE-13 — The Ignition System
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  14. ICE-14 — Common Rail
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  15. ICE-15 — Turbocharging
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  16. ICE-16 — Intercooling
    Level: Intermediate · 20 min reading
  17. ICE-17 — Variable Valve Timing (VVT)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  18. ICE-18 — Variable Valve Lift (VVL)
    Level: Advanced · 25 min reading
  19. ICE-19 — Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  20. ICE-20 — The Air Path
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  21. ICE-21 — The Exhaust System
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 20 min reading
  22. ICE-22 — The Catalytic Converter
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  23. ICE-23 — The Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  24. ICE-24 — Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  25. ICE-25 — Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  26. ICE-26 — Lambda
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  27. ICE-27 — Knock
    Level: Advanced · 25 min reading
  28. ICE-28 — Pre-ignition
    Level: Advanced · 25 min reading
  29. ICE-29 — Engine Cooling
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  30. ICE-30 — Engine Lubrication
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  31. ICE-31 — Engine Sensors
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  32. ICE-32 — Engine Actuators
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  33. ICE-33 — The Engine Control Unit (ECU)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  34. ICE-34 — Engine Control
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  35. ICE-35 — Torque Control
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  36. ICE-36 — Fuel Control
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  37. ICE-37 — Idle Control
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  38. ICE-38 — Engine Start
    Level: Intermediate · 25 min reading
  39. ICE-39 — Cold Start
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  40. ICE-40 — Engine Calibration
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  41. ICE-41 — Emission Calibration
    Level: Advanced · 30 min reading
  42. ICE-42 — On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  43. ICE-43 — Engine NVH
    Level: Advanced · 25 min reading
  44. ICE-44 — Engine Durability
    Level: Advanced · 25 min reading
  45. ICE-45 — Engine Manufacturing
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 25 min reading
  46. ICE-46 — Hybrid Powertrain Interaction
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading
  47. ICE-47 — Real-World Engine Examples
    Level: Intermediate · 30 min reading
  48. ICE-48 — ICE vs EV Powertrain
    Level: Beginner–Advanced · 30 min reading
  49. ICE-49 — Used ICE Vehicle Assessment
    Level: Beginner–Intermediate · 30 min reading
  50. ICE-50 — Troubleshooting Case Studies
    Level: Intermediate–Advanced · 30 min reading